NCS could deliver up to 33% of net emission reductions needed by 2030

By Teresa Hartmann, Lead, Climate and Nature, World Economic Forum & Gabriela Martinez, Specialist, Nature Climate Solutions Alliance, World Economic Forum | September 20, 2021

Whether you’re in Germany or Belgium, California or Siberia, it’s impossible not to notice that extreme weather events are becoming more frequent – and more destructive.

Extreme heat and catastrophic floods and fires are not only dangerous for humans, they’re also devastating ecosystems – from forests to farmland to coral reefs. This devastation, in turn, causes further damage to the economies and societies that depend on them.

Take, for example, recent forest fires in Siberia – one of the coldest regions in the world. The “unprecedented” blazes have not only destroyed more than 5,700 square kilometres of woodland but have also released more than 65 megatonnes of carbon and forced residents to stay indoors due to dangerous air quality.

Another example: coral reefs. They’re home to about one-third of known ocean species, but are rapidly disappearing due to climate change. This is, of course, harmful to the species that live in them, but also to economies that depend on reefs for food, tourism and flood mitigation.

And we can’t forget the Amazon – once the “lungs of the world” but now emitting more carbon than it absorbs as deforestation has taken its toll.

The linked and compounding crises of climate change and the acceleration of the destruction of nature are now our well-documented reality on Earth. But there are strategies available to us that can allow us to address both at the same time, and generate significant, additional environmental, social and economic benefits ­– through natural climate solutions.

However, while natural climate solutions (or NCS) are critical to realizing our climate goals – alongside rapid decarbonization – there is work to do to scale them up.

COP26 is considered by many as the last chance to get climate change under control. While it’s true that we only have a few years left — until the 2030 deadline to reach net zero, and until it’s simply too late to undo the damage – this moment presents an important opportunity for governments, global corporations and NGOs to come together to scale climate mitigation and adaptation strategies.

What are natural climate solutions?

NCS are actions that avoid greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon storage in forests, grassland and wetlands. Well-known examples include forest conservation, restoration and management. Restoration not only returns forests to a healthy state, but also increases the amount of carbon sequestered, improves biodiversity and the quality of soil and water in the ecosystem, and provides economic benefits for communities that depend on that forest.

NCS can provide around 30% of the emissions reductions needed to limit global warming to 1.5° or 2° C, says Nature and Net Zero, a report published by the Forum in partnership with McKinsey & Co. These reductions can be realized directly by governments and companies, or through the purchase of carbon credits on a tradeable market, which allows more stakeholders to participate, while generating investment for more NCS activities.

NCS could deliver up to one-third of net emission reductions required by 2030
NCS could deliver up to one-third of net emission reductions required by 2030. Image: World Economic Forum

Here are a few examples of NCS in action:

Why now?

In 2010, natural climate solutions accounted for just 5% of carbon credits. Now, they account for 40%.

Even so, NCS attracts only around 8% of public climate finance globally.

“Tradeable voluntary markets form a significant source of investment in NCS today,” says Natural Climate Solutions for Corporates, guidance published by the Natural Climate Solutions Alliance, co-convened by the Forum and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).

“Yet whilst voluntary demand for NCS credits has grown rapidly in recent years, voluntary carbon market investment of ~$170M in 2019 is small relative to the estimated $10-100B needed to realise the true mitigation potential of NCS by 2030,” the guidance continues.

Significant investment is needed to scale up NCS ­– especially in forest frontier regions and the Global South – and build international acceptance and understanding of carbon markets.

“However, many corporates recognise that investments in NCS carry uncertainty and risk. The climate benefits are clear, but finding and investing in high quality projects and jurisdictional programs that maximize co-benefits and limit potential negative impacts is not always easy,” continues NCS for Corporates. “Furthermore, continued debate about the role of NCS in climate change strategies by NGOs and regulators risks creating confusion and uncertainty for corporate actors looking to invest.”

This is why “robust rules that ensure high environmental integrity for international market mechanisms should be broadly applicable, eliminating any need for sector-specific provisions.” The critical conversation at COP26 will be coming to an agreement on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which covers international transfer of mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) – or international carbon markets. The international community has so far failed to agree on the rules governing an international carbon market, but observers are hopeful there are enough countries that now want to move this along.

This article was first published by the World Economic Forum.

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